CHEMICAL treatments for dark spots

There are many over-the-counter (OTC) products that can help fade dark spots. They will typically contain active ingredients such as:

These products will have instructions on how to use them on the label. However, it is best to speak with a dermatologist before trying them, as some have risks.

The following sections will look at some of the pros and cons of these products in more detail.

Hydroquinone

Hydroquinone is a popular ingredient in products for hyperpigmentation. It works by reducing the production of melanin.

Some countries have banned hydroquinone due to safety concerns. For example, research from 2007Trusted Source suggests that hydroquinone may cause cancer in rats. However, scientists have not proven that this also occurs in humans.

Hydroquinone can cause skin irritation, especially when people use higher concentrations of it. It may also lighten the skin surrounding the dark spots if a person does not apply it carefully.

Kojic acid

Kojic acid is another popular treatment for hyperpigmentation. However, it may not be as effective as other treatments.

One 2013 studyTrusted Source compares 0.75% concentration of kojic acid with 4% hydroquinone for treating melasma in 60 people. The researchers suggest that hydroquinone works more effectively.

Kojic acid can also irritate sensitive skin, so it may not be suitable for everyone.

Retinoids

Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A. They increase the turnover of new skin cells, which can fade dark spots over time.

Doctors may prescribe a professional-strength retinoid, such as tretinoin, for severe hyperpigmentation. These products can take 3–6 months to work. The stronger the retinoid, the more likely it is to cause irritation.

Products containing retinoids are not suitable for use during pregnancy, as vitamin A can sometimes cause birth anomalies.

Retinoids also increase the skin’s sensitivity to UV light, so it is important to use a safe SPF on the face every day while using retinoids.

Chemical exfoliants

Chemical exfoliants are acids that dissolve the top layer of skin cells. They include alpha hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid, and beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), such as salicylic acid.

Chemical exfoliants also work by increasing the turnover of new skin cells. They can also be suitable for dry or sensitive skin. However, as with retinoids, these acids increase the skin’s sensitivity to the sun.